Hendra Virus Infection

Hendra virus infection is a rare but severe zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from horses to humans. The Hendra virus (HeV) is part of the Henipavirus genus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It was first identified in 1994 in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. The primary reservoir hosts of the virus are fruit bats, also known as flying foxes.

Symptoms

In Horses:

• Early Symptoms: Fever, increased heart rate, respiratory distress, and neurological signs.
• Progression: Severe respiratory distress, frothy nasal discharge, and rapid deterioration leading to death within 48 hours of symptoms onset.

In Humans:

• Initial Symptoms: Influenza-like symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, headaches, and tiredness.
• Severe Symptoms: Pneumonia, encephalitis (brain inflammation), seizures, and in some cases, coma.
• Progression: Symptoms can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Causes

The primary cause of Hendra virus infection is contact with infected horses. Horses can become infected through exposure to the bodily fluids (urine, feces, and birthing fluids) of infected flying foxes. Humans typically contract the virus through close contact with the bodily fluids of infected horses.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Hendra virus infection. Management of the disease includes:

• Supportive Care: Hospitalization, intensive care support, mechanical ventilation if needed, and managing symptoms.
• Ribavirin: An antiviral medication that has been used experimentally, though its efficacy is not well established.
• Monoclonal Antibodies: Experimental treatments with monoclonal antibodies have shown promise in treating the infection.
• Post-exposure Prophylaxis: For those exposed to the virus, prompt administration of monoclonal antibodies might be recommended.

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on minimizing the risk of transmission from horses to humans:

• Horse Management: Avoid contact with flying foxes, use barriers to prevent horses from accessing areas where flying foxes roost, and isolate sick horses.
• Vaccination: A vaccine for horses is available and is an effective measure to prevent the spread of the virus.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): For veterinarians and individuals handling horses, use of PPE such as gloves, masks, and goggles is crucial.
• Hygiene: Practice good hygiene by washing hands thoroughly after handling horses and disinfecting equipment and surfaces.
• Awareness: Educate horse owners and handlers about the risks and symptoms of Hendra virus and the importance of early veterinary intervention.